Oxytocin Review | Buy Oxytocin Peptide
In recent decades, scientific studies of oxytocin have exposed its many roles in social behavior such as recognition, trust, empathy, and other behavioral patterns of social species. These clinical findings, while somewhat varied in the outcome, offer increasing cause for optimism that targeting the oxytocin system may provide a successful therapeutic approach for social dysfunction. However, future research needs to focus on the most effective treatment strategy and which types of individuals are likely to benefit most.
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Introduction to Oxytocin
Oxytocin is a remarkable peptide hormone that plays a pivotal role in a wide array of physiological and psychological processes. Often dubbed the “cuddle hormone,” oxytocin is integral to social bonding and attachment. This hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and subsequently released by the posterior pituitary gland. The effects of oxytocin are mediated through the oxytocin receptor, which is crucial for its various functions. Research has demonstrated that oxytocin positively influences mental health, social behavior, and even immune function, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions targeting social dysfunction and emotional regulation.
WHAT IS OXYTOCIN?
The word oxytocin comes from the Greek words oxutokia ‘sudden delivery’ (from Oxus ‘sharp’ + tokos ‘childbirth’). It is also known as Pitocin or Syntocinon.
Oxytocin is a small peptide hormone referred to as a nonapeptide because it contains nine amino acids in the sequence cysteine-tyrosine-isoleucine-glutamine-asparagine-cysteine-proline-leucine-glycine-amide (Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2) with a sulfur bridge between the two cysteines. It has multiple sites of action in animal models and regulates a large number of reproduction-related processes in all species. Its ability to stimulate uterine contraction in labor and childbirth is important. Additionally, oxytocin production enhances social bonding, emotional well-being, and has neuroprotective effects in the brain.
This hormone also plays a role in sexual activity, penile erection, ejaculation, milk ejection, osteoporosis, diabetes, cancer, stress, balancing social behavior, evoking contentment, inducing trust, generosity, and bonding in humans and animals.
Immunohistochemical studies reveal that it is stored and released from the posterior pituitary gland; is created in the hypothalamus. It is released from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary gland for later use. This specific part of the posterior pituitary gland that stores oxytocin is called the Pars nervosa, also known as the neural or posterior lobe. Oxytocin receptors play a crucial role in various physiological systems, including autonomic function regulation, social behavior, immune response modulation, and cardiovascular health.
Most hormones create negative feedback loops after they are released, but oxytocin exhibits positive feedback loops. This means that increased levels of oxytocin promote social bonding and well-being, which in turn stimulate further oxytocin production, reinforcing social interactions and emotional connections.
STRUCTURE OF OXYTOCIN AND PITUITARY GLAND
Sequence: Cys-Tyr-Ile-Gln-Asn-Cys-Pro-Leu-GlyNH2
Molecular Formula: C43H66N12O12S2
Molecular weight: 1007.2 g/mol
CAS number: 50-56-6
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND OXYTOCIN RELEASE
Oxytocin currently has only one receptor, which belongs to the rhodopsin-type (class I) G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is coupled to phospholipase C through Gαq11. Receptor activation triggers several signaling events primarily by elevating intracellular calcium (Ca2+ ). This includes inositol-tris-phosphate-mediated store calcium release, store-operated Ca2+ entry and voltage-operated Ca2+ entry. This action exerts a selective action on the following organs:
The uterus: Oxytocin acts on the smooth muscle of the uterus, particularly toward the end of pregnancy, during labor, and immediately after delivery. It stimulates rhythmic contractions of the uterus, increases the frequency of existing contractions, and raises the tone of the uterine musculature by increasing the sodium permeability of uterine myofibrils. Elevated estrogen concentrations lower the threshold for uterine response to oxytocin, which increases with the duration of pregnancy and is greater in patients who are in labor than those not in labor. Oxytocin plays a crucial role in inducing uterine contractions during labor and has historical significance in obstetric practices.
Large doses of oxytocin elicit contractions in early pregnancy. Contractions produced in the term uterus by oxytocin are similar to those occurring during spontaneous labor.
The breast: Oxytocin contracts myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli of the breasts, forcing milk from the alveoli into the larger ducts and thus facilitates milk ejection. It possesses no milk-producing properties.
The blood vessel: Oxytocin produces vasodilation of vascular smooth muscle, increasing renal, coronary, and cerebral blood flow. Blood pressure doesn’t change, but following intravenous administration of large doses or undiluted solutions, blood pressure may decrease transiently, and tachycardia may be reflexly induced.
The brain: Estrogen regulates the actions of oxytocin on the brain. Oxytocin may influence normal behavior, and its dysfunction may be involved in the etiology and expression of neuropsychiatric disorders. The interaction between oxytocin and vasopressin receptors affects behavior and stress responses.
Understanding Oxytocin: Its Functions, Effects of Oxytocin, and Benefits
Exogenous oxytocin causes the same response in the female reproductive system as that of endogenous oxytocin. It is one of the few hormones that exhibit positive feedback loops. Exogenous oxytocin administration can affect social bonding and psychological processes, with outcomes moderated by individual characteristics and situational context.
Its effects include:
Facilitating childbirth and breastfeeding
Preventing postpartum hemorrhage which is defined as blood loss of more than 500 ml in the first 24 h after vaginal delivery
Increasing the urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 AQP2 in animals whose urinary concentration mechanism is preserved
Oxytocin promoting attachment
Solidifying relationships
Easing stress
Crystallizing emotional memories
Boosting sexual arousal
Reducing drug cravings
Improving social skills
Triggering protective instincts
Inducing sleep
Oxytocin release, which is linked to pain relief, anti-obesity functions, and enhanced social bonding, particularly in stressful situations
Oxytocin and the Nervous System: Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of healthy neural networks. It also promotes wound healing by protecting human skin cells against oxidative damage.
Oxytocin and the Nervous System
Oxytocin’s relationship with the nervous system is both intricate and profound, impacting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Within the central nervous system, oxytocin acts on key brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These interactions help regulate emotional processing, memory, and social behavior. In the peripheral nervous system, oxytocin stimulates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin, which are essential for mood regulation and social interactions. Furthermore, oxytocin has been shown to support the development and maintenance of neural connections, particularly in the context of social learning and memory, underscoring its importance in fostering healthy neural networks.
Oxytocin and Mental Health
Oxytocin has garnered significant attention for its potential role in various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, and autism spectrum disorders. Studies have found that individuals with these conditions often exhibit lower oxytocin levels. However, oxytocin treatment has shown promise in alleviating symptoms. For instance, intranasal oxytocin administration has been effective in reducing anxiety and enhancing social behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Additionally, oxytocin helps modulate the stress response by reducing the release of the stress hormone cortisol, thereby promoting relaxation and emotional well-being.
Oxytocin and Social Behavior
The effects of oxytocin on social behavior are profound and multifaceted. This hormone is crucial for social bonding, attachment, and trust. Research indicates that oxytocin levels rise during social activities such as hugging and kissing, reinforcing its role in fostering close relationships. Oxytocin treatment has also been shown to enhance social behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorders, promoting prosocial behaviors like cooperation and altruism while reducing aggression. These effects are largely mediated by the oxytocin receptor, which plays a key role in social learning and memory, highlighting the hormone’s importance in nurturing positive social interactions.
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References:
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Oxytocin, CID=439302, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Oxytocin (accessed on Dec. 13, 2019)
National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Oxytocin, Source=HSDB, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/2182#section=Mechanism-of-Action (accessed on Dec. 14, 2019)
Lee HJ, Macbeth AH, Pagani JH, Young WS 3rd. Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Prog Neurobiol. 2009;88(2):127–151. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001
Osilla EV, Sharma S. Oxytocin. [Updated 2019 Mar 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507848/
Shamay-Tsoory S, Young LJ. Understanding the Oxytocin System and Its Relevance to Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 2016;79(3):150–152. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.10.014
